汉语大全>医学论文>寰椎侧块螺钉与枢椎弓根螺钉徒手植入技术的研究与应用(一)

寰椎侧块螺钉与枢椎弓根螺钉徒手植入技术的研究与应用(一)

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作者:郝定均,贺宝荣,雷伟,吴起宁,贺增良,周劲松

【关键词】 寰枢椎

摘 要:〔目的〕探讨徒手植入寰椎侧块螺钉与枢椎椎弓根螺钉方法,总结临床应用效果。〔方法〕新鲜成人寰枢椎标本各50具,男女各25具,用尖嘴咬骨钳咬除进钉点骨皮质,先后分别用15、25 mm克氏针制备钉道,再用锤子将导锥顺着制造的钉道小心击入,待有落空感时停止;寰椎侧块螺钉进钉点选择在寰椎后结节中点旁开18~20 mm,与后弓下缘以上2 mm的交点,钉道方向在冠状面垂直,矢状面上螺钉头端向头侧倾斜约5°。枢椎进钉点为枢椎下关节突根部中点,钉道与矢状面夹角约15°,横断面夹角约30°。临床寰枢椎不稳患者26例,男15例,女11例,平均395岁;应用钉棒系统17例,钉板系统9例。术前JOA评分51~106分,平均75分。〔结果〕术后无1例发生脊髓和椎动脉损伤。随访9~32个月,平均15个月,JOA评分129~165分,平均145分,改善率876%。植骨块全部融合,无内固定断裂、松动。〔结论〕寰椎侧块螺钉与枢椎椎弓根螺钉徒手植入技术简单、可靠,值得推广。

关键词:寰枢椎; 螺钉; 徒手技术; 内固定

Abstract:〔Objective〕To summary the methods and results of free hand insertion with the lateral mass screw of atlas and vertebra dentata pedicle screw.〔Method〕Fifty samples of fresh adult atlas and dentate were used.There were 25 males and 25 females samlpes.Then rongeur forceps was used to bite the bone of entrance.The way of screw was made by Kirschner wire of 1.5mm and 2.5mm in diameter.Guide pin was inserted along the way.The screws were placed in lateral mass of atlas beside the posterior arch of atlas about 18~20mm and the point of intersection above 2mm inferior boarder of posterior arch.Vertical with coronal plane,the tip of the screw was made 5° to side of head in sagittal plane.The site of the screws placed in vertebra dentate was divided equally the inferior articular process of axis,made 15°with sagittal plane and 30°with cross section.There were 26 patients with Atlantoaxial vertebra unsteadiness,15 males and 11 females,with an average age of 39.5 years.Seventeen cases were used with screws and rod system and 9 patients were used screws and plate system.Preoperative JOA scores were from 5.1 to 10.6,with an average of 7.6.〔Result〕There were no cases with spinal cord and vertebral artery injury after surgery.Followup duration was from 10 to 25 months,with an average of 14 months.The postoperative JOA scores were from 12.9 to 16.5,with an average of 14.8.The improve rate was 87.6 percent.The plant bones all fused and there were no internal fixation rupture and mobiled.〔Conclusion〕The technique of free hand insertion with the lateral mass screw of atlas and vertebra dentata pedicle screw is simple,fixation is reliability and is well worth to spreading.

Key words: Atlantoaxial; Screw; Free hand insertion; Internal fixation

后路短节段固定是治疗寰枢椎不稳常采用的方法,主要包括Gallie钢丝、Brooks钢丝、椎板夹等。近年来寰椎侧块螺钉与枢椎椎弓根螺钉的应用亦可见报道〔1〕,但这一技术要求高,常常在导航系统或者C型臂X线机下完成。自1999年1月作者通过50例标本研究寰椎侧块螺钉与枢椎椎弓根螺钉的徒手植入技术,并通过26例患者的临床应用效果满意。

1 资料与方法

11 标本研究

111 新鲜成人寰枢椎标本各50具,男女各25具,年龄18~75岁。按手术俯卧体位固定于实验台上,寰椎侧块进钉点选择在寰椎后结节中点旁开18~20 mm,与后弓下缘以上2 mm的交点。用尖嘴咬骨钳咬除寰椎后弓进钉点骨皮质,冠状面垂直,矢状面向头侧倾斜约5°,先后分别用15、25 mm克氏针缓慢锥入,如遇到阻力较大,稍微调整锥入方向,当进针深度>20 mm,阻力增大而停止锥入。再用锤子将导锥顺着前面制造的钉道小心击入,待有落空感时停止。对侧同样操作。枢椎进钉点为下关节突根部中点,咬除入钉点的骨皮质,同样分别先后用15、25 mm克氏针,沿与椎弓峡部的上面和内面皮质下逐渐锥入达到椎弓根,此时钉道与矢状面夹角约15°,横断面夹角约30°,亦用锤子将导锥顺着前面制造的钉道小心击入,待有落空感时停止。钉道制造后行X线片、CT扫描,评价其准确性。

112 结果

48具寰椎标本,49具枢椎标本的钉道均准确成功得以制备,寰椎侧块钉道长28~32 mm,枢椎椎弓根螺钉钉道长22~26 mm。在起初的3具寰椎,2具枢椎钉道的制备中,因用力过大致使8次将克氏针折弯,2具寰椎钉道方向不佳,1具枢椎的1侧钉道刺破椎弓根骨皮质。

2 临床应用

2.1 一般资料

本组26例,男15例,女11例,年龄15~58岁,平均395岁。陈旧性齿状突骨折9例,ⅡC型〔2〕齿状突新鲜骨折7例,先天性游离齿状突4例,类风湿性关节炎6例。所有患者均伴有寰枢椎半脱位或不稳。表现为不同程度的颈枕区疼痛,活动受限,按JOA17分评分法术前评分51~106分,平均75分。术后6个月再行JOA评分,并计算改善率。

2.2 术前准备

术前行颅骨牵引,床头抬高30°,重量为3~5 kg。定时拍床头片了解复位情况,调整牵引重量及角度,复位后改用25~3 kg维持。

2.3 手术方法

全麻后俯卧位,调整头颈部位置,C型臂X光机下观察寰枢椎位置,待关系满意后用1 kg重量维持牵引。枕骨粗隆下至C3后正中纵切口,显露出寰枢椎后弓,沿寰椎后弓向其根部剥离,用神经剥离子探查寰椎侧块的内外缘及其中点,将C2神经根和静脉丛向下推开,显露出寰椎后弓下面与侧块相延续的部位。进钉点选择在寰椎后结节中点旁开18~20 mm,与后弓下缘以上2 mm的交点。用尖嘴咬骨钳咬除寰椎后弓进钉点骨皮质,先后分别用15、25 mm克氏针向寰椎侧块钻孔,钉道方向在冠状面垂直,矢状面上螺钉头端向头侧倾斜约5°,深度控制在25 mm左右,球形探子探查后,用锤子将导锥顺着前面制造的钉道小心击入,待有落空感时停止,对侧同样操作。用神经剥离子将C2神经根和静脉丛挑起,显露出枢椎椎板、双侧侧块及椎弓峡部的上面和内缘,以枢椎下关节突根部中点为进钉点,咬除入钉点的骨皮质,分别先后用1.5、25 mm克氏针,沿与椎弓峡部的上面和内面皮质下逐渐锥入达到椎弓根,球探探查无误后,亦用锤子将导锥顺着前面制造的钉道小心击入,待有落空感时停止,此刻钉道与矢状面夹角约15°,横断面夹角约30°,以免损伤椎动脉,攻丝后拧入合适长度的螺钉,对侧同样操作。选择合适长度的连接棒,预弯成一定弧度,安装,拧紧螺母。所有患者选用直径为35 mm的螺钉,其中钉棒系统17例,钉板系统9例。去除寰椎后弓和枢椎椎板、棘突骨皮质,将从髂后上棘取下的半板骨块修剪为适当大小,并呈燕尾状。上端放置在寰椎后弓,下端卡在枢椎椎板与棘突之间,其中中空部填充松质骨。置引流管后逐层关闭切口。

2.4 术后处理

术后颈围固定,24 h后拔除引流管。静脉滴注地塞米松10 mg,1次/d;甘露醇125 ml,2次/d,连续应用3 d,同时静脉滴注抗生素10 d。出院后颈托固定3个月。术后1 a内每3个月来院复查,1 a后每6个月来院复查。